Metals testing is generally performed to ensure the integrity of the metal product, part or sample that is being evaluated. Testing and the accompanying Certified Test Report are often required by industries such as aerospace, military, medical and others where safety and reliability are of utmost importance. Many businesses use metals testing as a quality assurance measure to be sure their manufacturing process is meeting their requirements. Customers will frequently request testing and a certification before purchasing products to be sure the items will meet their needs.
Metals testing can be performed on raw materials or on end products before use, during service or when a failure occurs. Metals testing methods are classified as destructive or nondestructive testing, referring to whether or not the test sample remains intact or is altered in order to perform the analysis.
Destructive metals testing is usually performed on a test specimen or coupon that is cut and machined to specification or on a sample that was dissolved from the original product in a chemistry lab. In all cases, the item is destroyed, hence the name destructive test. Destructive testing is further classified into mechanical testing, physical testing, metallurgical testing and chemical analysis. These test methods or processes are used to achieve a range of results:
- Verify mechanical properties
- Examine microscopic product features
- Identify flaws and defects
- Reveal elemental makeup or composition
- Determine susceptibility to corrosion
Nondestructive testing of metals does not harm the sample, even though it may be exposed to water, penetrants or particles during the test process. Common types of nondestructive testing include X-ray inspection or radiography, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, visual inspection, hydrostatic pressure testing and positive material identification. Nondestructive tests can be performed on all types of metal products including tubing, pipe, castings, plate, fasteners and other component parts. These tests primarily identify surface and subsurface defects or inconsistencies.
Metals testing serves many purposes and answers many questions, but always includes a Certified Test Report with documented test results.
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