Instrumented Chemical Analyses
LTI performs a variety of instrumented techniques including Direct
Reading Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES) [formerly Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES)], Inductively Coupled Plasma
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS), Combustion Furnace Method and Inert Gas Fusion.
Direct Reading Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
AES is one of the most useful instrumental based methods for performing elemental chemical analysis. The basic principle of AES is that when free atoms are put into an energetic environment, they emit light in a series of wavelength bands, similar to the diffraction of light into a rainbow. These wavelength bands or emission lines form a pattern that is characteristic of the atom that produced it. Generally, the intensities of the various characteristic lines are proportional to the number of atoms that produced the lines. If an element is present in a sample, its characteristic spectrum lines also will be present. The concentration of that particular element can be determined by measuring the intensities of the characteristic lines and comparing them to the same lines from known concentration standards. Thus, the type of element can be identified qualitatively by the emission spectrum and the amount of the element can by measured quantitatively by the intensities of the emission lines.The AES system that we have at Laboratory Testing has a spark source. The sample is put in the spectrometer as a cathode and a tungsten pin is the anode. The gap between the pin and the sample is filled with the inert gas Argon. When the spark strikes the sample, rapid heating of the sample occurs causing vaporization of a small amount of sample from the surface, and forming a plasma (high energy gas cloud). The plasma produces the spectrum of lines from the elements that are present in the sample. The spectra are analyzed using mirrors and a diffraction grating to separate the analytical lines, as well as a set of photomultiplier tubes to quantify the light emitted from the elements and to measure their concentrations. Then, a computer compares the amount of light from the sample to that of known standards to identify the element, and calculates the quantity of the element.
Spectrographic spark source instruments are very rapid and are often used in production applications such as steel mills and foundries. Sample preparation involves grinding a flat surface on the solid test piece. (Samples for this type of analysis must be solid, at least 0.040" thick, and capable of having a 1" x 1" area ground or machined on them so they will cover the excitation aperture). The flat test piece is then put in the spectrometer and the system is energized. The test results are printed for viewing and evaluation.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
ICP-AES is a technique that determines elemental concentrations of trace to major, based on the principle of atomic spectroscopy. In theory, the technique can be used to detect all elements, except argon. In practice, good results are obtained for about 70 elements with detection limits at the parts per billion level.
ICP is an excitation source for atomic emission spectroscopy. The plasma consists of argon gas operated at atmospheric pressure and inductively coupled to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field. The components of an ICP system are the sample introduction area, the ICP torch and argon gas supplies, the RF generator, the spectrometer, the detection electronics and the system computer. The sample is a solution of the test material that is introduced into the ICP as a fine aerosol of droplets produced by a nebulizer. The torch is usually a set of concentric quartz tubes that contain the argon used for the plasma, for cooling the torch and for guiding the test sample to the plasma. The RF generator supplies the high-frequency alternating current in the induction coil and sustains the inductive coupling of energy into the plasma. The spectrometer detects the atomic emissions produced. The computer is used to control and monitor instrument functions and to process, store and output the results of the analysis.
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS) combines the easy sample introduction and quick analysis of ICP technology with the accurate and low detection limits of a mass spectrometer. This method is highly sensitive and capable of trace multi-element analysis, often at the parts-per-trillion level. It is capable of the determination of a range of metals and several non-metals. ICP-MS also allows for routine chemical testing for trace elements in super alloys and provides ultra-trace elemental analysis for high purity alloys like those used in the Semi-Conductor Industry.
Samples are decomposed to neutral elements in a high-temperature argon plasma to produce ions and are analyzed based on their mass to charge ratios. Aqueous samples are introduced by way of a nebulizer which aspirates the sample with high velocity argon, forming a fine mist. The aerosol then passes into a spray chamber where larger droplets are removed. Droplets small enough to be vaporized in the plasma torch pass into the torch body, where the aerosol is mixed with more argon gas. A coupling coil is used to transmit radio frequency to the heated argon gas, producing an argon plasma located at the torch. The hot plasma removes any remaining solvent and causes sample atomization followed by ionization.